Introduction to Sapphire Crystal Materials, Manufacturing and Applications

Introduction to Sapphire Crystal Materials, Manufacturing and Applications

In the second half of the twentieth century, a new branch of materials science emerged - the study of crystalline materials. Its emergence and advanced technology are mainly associated with the emergence of single crystals (bulk crystals and thin films).

At the turn of the century, the era of ceramics that is about to begin is foreseen. It is believed that ceramics will play an important role in the history of human civilization just like the Stone and Bronze Ages. Naturally, such a scenario is only hypothetical, but it also shows that ceramic materials have aroused strong interest among researchers.

Although traditionally seen only as a gem, sapphire has developed into a material unique to the ceramic age. Expanding the application range of sapphire necessitates the improvement of its texture uniformity and working characteristics and the expansion of the range of sapphire products, especially those sapphire with specified characteristics including pre-set structural defect distribution.

In the early 1980s, the success of obtaining crystals with predetermined properties was due to the proper selection of crystal growth methods. Now, as the requirements for crystalline products have become very strict, such an approach is clearly insufficient. It is clear that the physico-chemical process in the formation of the actual crystal structure must be studied, ie, the growth mechanism and properties and the cause of crystal defects.

In recent years, there has been some success in understanding the mechanism of crystal formation, the morphological stability of the crystallographic front, the role of impurities in melting, thermal and concentrated flow, and other factors that affect the formation of structural defects. However, there is a definite relationship between the parameters of the actual grain and the most important task of maintaining a crystal with preset properties. This task necessitates a study of the raw materials, the growth medium of the crystals, the heat and mass transfer at the liquid and solid interfaces and, in most stages, the cooling process of the crystals and their subsequent thermal and Mechanical processing for detailed analysis.

Theoretical studies of the crystallization process, for different substances, including sapphire, have not yet yielded theoretical results to create actual crystal formation, and now, there is still a large distance between the practice and theory of crystal growth, and there is no doubt that the crystal structure stores original information during crystal formation and foresee their future properties during handling and maintenance.

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